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Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus

(L.) Domin (1910)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Raphanus

daikon, radish, wild radish

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Coarse annual herbs 3–12 dm tall, freely branching, subglabrous to sparsely hispid.

Stems: Stems erect, branched.

Roots: Greatly thickened taproots.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate or rarely opposite. Blades lyrate–pinnatifid, lower leaves 10–20 cm long. Margins of upper leaves toothed. Petiolate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in usually bractless, terminal racemes, occasionally solitary. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic or rarely slightly irregular, showy. Calyx of 4 sepals, deciduous, erect, usually oblong, sometimes the inner 2 with gibbous bases that hold the nectar, somewhat saccate at base, 9–10 mm long. Corolla of 4 petals; petals white to purplish, entire to emarginate, 15–20 mm long. Stamens (2–4)6(–16), tetradynamous, the inner 4 usually in pairs, sometimes connate at base in pairs; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2(4?)-carpellate, usually 2-celled by means of a false, but usually complete septum, rarely 1-celled, sessile or rarely stipitate; ovules 1 to numerous, borne on parietal placentas on replum margin at periphery of ovary wall, campylotropous or occasionally anatropous; style 1, elongate, scarcely narrower than ovary; stigma capitate.

Fruit: Capsules divided into 2 cells by the usually thin and membranous septum; elongate (at least 3 times as long as wide) and referred to as a silique; cylindrical; torulous; indehiscent; but breaking up into a series of segments at maturity; the upper part with 2–10 large seeds in 1 rows; separated by spongy transverse partitions; tapering above into a long persistent beak; body of silique 2–4 cm long; the beak 1–2 cm long. Seeds 2–4; globose; often becoming mucilaginous when wet; endosperm essentially absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (96)

Raphanistrum gayanum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (1838)
Raphanus acanthiformis Morel ex L.Sisley (1874)
Raphanus acanthiformis var. raphanistroides (Makino) H.Hara (1935)
Raphanus acanthiformis var. spontaneus (Nakai) Nakai (1952)
Raphanus caudatus L.f. (1767)
Raphanus chinensis Mill. (1768)
Raphanus gayanus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) G.Don (1839)
Raphanus indicus Sinskaya (1931)
Raphanus macropodus H.Lév. (1912)
Raphanus macropodus var. spontaneus Nakai (1920)
Raphanus niger Mill. (1768)
Raphanus niger var. albus DC. (1821)
Raphanus niger var. vulgaris DC. (1821)
Raphanus oleifer Steud. (1841)
Raphanus orbicularis Mill. (1768)
Raphanus radicula Pers. (1806)
Raphanus radicula var. oblongus DC. (1821)
Raphanus radicula var. oleifera DC. (1821)
Raphanus radicula var. rotundus (Mill.) DC. (1821)
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. caudatus (L.) Thell. (1918)
Raphanus raphanistrum subvar. niger (Mill.) Thell. (1918)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. exsuccus Thell. (1918)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. niger (Mill.) P.Fourn. (1936)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. radicula (Pers.) P.Fourn. (1936)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. sativus (L.) Beck (1892)
Raphanus rotundus Mill. (1768)
Raphanus sativus L. (1753)
Raphanus sativus convar. esculentus (Metzg.) Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus convar. hybernus (Alef.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus convar. minowase (Kitam.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus convar. oleifer Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus convar. radicula (Pers.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus f. albescens (Makino) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus f. esculentus (Metzg.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus f. exsuccus (Thell.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus f. raphanistroides Makino (1909)
Raphanus sativus subf. albescens Makino (1940)
Raphanus sativus subf. niger (Mill.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus subf. oleifer (DC.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus subf. silvester (W.D.J.Koch) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus subsp. acanthiformis (Morel ex L.Sisley) Stank. (1985)
Raphanus sativus subsp. esculentus Metzg. (1841)
Raphanus sativus subsp. hybernus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus subsp. niger (Mill.) Lej. & Courtois (1831)
Raphanus sativus subsp. oleifer (Stokes) Metzg. (1841)
Raphanus sativus subsp. radicula (Pers.) Lej. & Courtois (1831)
Raphanus sativus subsp. sinensis Sazonova & Stank. (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. aka-daikon (Kitam.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. albus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. augustanus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. autumnalis Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. brunneus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. carneus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. caudatus (L.) Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. chinensis (Mill.) Boenn. (1824)
Raphanus sativus var. chloris Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. crininus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. fusiformis Stokes (1812)
Raphanus sativus var. gayanus Webb (1838)
Raphanus sativus var. griseus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. hortensis Backer (1907)
Raphanus sativus var. incarnatus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. julianus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. leucoplax Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. lobo Sazonova & Stank. (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus L.H.Bailey (1920)
Raphanus sativus var. melanoplax Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. melanops Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. minor J.Kern. (1788)
Raphanus sativus var. mougri H.W.J.Helm (1967)
Raphanus sativus var. napiformis Gray (1822)
Raphanus sativus var. niger (Mill.) J.Kern. (1789)
Raphanus sativus var. nonpinnatus L.H.Bailey (1920)
Raphanus sativus var. oblongus DC. (1821)
Raphanus sativus var. oleifer Stokes (1812)
Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers. (1806)
Raphanus sativus var. parvipinnatus L.H.Bailey (1920)
Raphanus sativus var. praecox Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. purpureus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers. (1806)
Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides (Makino) Makino (1917)
Raphanus sativus var. roseus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. rotundus Stokes (1812)
Raphanus sativus var. rubidus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. salmoneus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. scarlatinosus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. sylvestris W.D.J.Koch (1856)
Raphanus sativus var. syrengeus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. tristis Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. violaceus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. virens Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. vitreus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. vulgaris Gaudin (1829)
Raphanus sinensis Thunb. ex Pritz. (1866)
Raphanus stenocarpus Kitag. (1934)
Raphanus taquetii H.Lév. (1912)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Only found in cultivation
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 26(2): 255 (1910)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:412 (K, O, Mo, M, Ka, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:200 (KEY), 204 (DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin honolulu, diamond head community garden, betw. paki and leahi ave. across from kapiolani park, plot 36 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN staples, g.w. collector number: 694 Oahu BISH 8/29/1990
2 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin kumuwela ridge, waimea canyon clear of understory congestion PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, v.o. collector number: 16 Oahu BISH 12/28/1935
3 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin hamakua dist.; pohakuloa training area, along saddle road stones in streambed PRESERVED_SPECIMEN funk, e.j. collector number: pta 16 Maui BISH 12/13/1990
4 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Volcanoes National Park, at end of Moana Loa scenic strip road, near shelter PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herat, T. 630 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1974
5 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Halawa Valley In grassy areas behind the shoreline. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H120631 Molokai BISH 12/9/2006
6 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin puhi, on roadside, s side of hwy. 50 at edge of park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hume, l. collector number: 492 Kauai BISH 3/6/1990
7 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin gulch behind beck's cove on e side sandy soil of dry streambed under shade of Prosopis pallida trees PRESERVED_SPECIMEN cuddihy, l.w. char, w.p. collector number: 384 Kahoolawe BISH 4/23/1980
8 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin volcanoes national park, at end of moana loa scenic strip road, near shelter PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herat, t. herat, r.; higashino, p.k. collector number: 630 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1974
9 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Volcanoes National Park, at end of Moana Loa Truck Trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 441 Hawaii BISH 3/3/1943
10 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin halawa valley, end of jeep road where stream meets sea w/Leucaena, Ricinus, Amaranthus and various grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ishikawa, s. collector number: 135 Molokai BISH 8/30/1972
11 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin nr. l.d.s. church, waialua silty loam PRESERVED_SPECIMEN afualo, d. collector number: 55 Oahu BISH 3/16/1975
12 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Gulch behind Beck's Cove on E side Sandy soil of dry streambed under shade of Prosopis pallida trees PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. 384 Kahoolawe BISH 4/23/1980
13 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Hamakua Dist.; Pohakuloa Training Area, along Saddle Road Between the 30 & 45 mile markers & within 60' of road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Funk, E.J. PTA 16 Hawaii BISH 12/13/1990
14 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin aiea, 98-851 iliee st., residence of william and peggy jones vegetable garden, full sun PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. cory, c. collector number: 2050 Oahu BISH 2/24/1986
15 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Halawa Valley In grassy areas behind the shoreline. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H120631 Molokai BISH 12/9/2006
16 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin volcanoes national park, at end of moana loa truck trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. mitchell, a.l. collector number: 441 Oahu BISH 3/3/1943
17 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin along Saddle Rd. on Waimea side of Pohakuloa State Park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5338 Hawaii BISH 5/20/1975
18 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Sand Island, sector 70, garden at residence PreservedSpecimen Starr, F. Martz, K. Collector Number: 990429-4 Midway Atoll BISH Specimen 4/29/1999
19 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Nr. L.D.S. Church, Waialua silty loam PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Afualo, D. 55 Oahu BISH 3/16/1975
20 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin along saddle rd. on waimea side of pohakuloa state park moss covered tree trunks; rainforest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. collector number: 5338 Maui BISH 5/20/1975
21 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Kumuwela Ridge, Waimea Canyon dry slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, V.O. 16 Kauai BISH 12/28/1935
22 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin National Park, end of Mauna Loa Trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Chock, A.K. 2034 Hawaii BISH 6/24/1962
23 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin national park, end of mauna loa truck trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. mitchell, a.l. collector number: 443 Hawaii BISH 3/3/1943
24 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin sand island, sector 70, garden at residence PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. martz, k. collector number: 990429-4 Midway Atoll BISH 4/29/1999
25 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin trail to maunaiki. 1.4 miles east of highway 11. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN thorne, k. 7034 PH
26 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin National Park, end of Mauna Loa Truck Trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 443 Hawaii BISH 3/3/1943
27 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin national park, end of mauna loa trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN chock, a.k. collector number: 2034 Hawaii BISH 6/24/1962
28 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Hawaii Is., mauna loa trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Vladimir J. Krajina 660624005 UBC 6/24/1966
29 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Cultivated. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn s.n. Kauai PTBG 1/1/2011
30 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Home Depot, Lihue. (origin USA) Cultivated. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn s.n. Kauai PTBG 4/1/2010
31 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin E. Maui, Kaonoulu. In pasture along Waipoli Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H10112 Maui PTBG 1/2/2001
32 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin KAUAI: Puhi, on roadside, south side of Hwy 50 at edge of pa rk. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lynwood Hume 492 Kauai PTBG 3/6/1990
33 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Halawa Valley. Behind shoreline. Grassy areas. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H120631 Molokai PTBG 12/9/2006
34 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin hawaii volcanoes national park, upper end of mauna loa strip rd, slopes of mauna loa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 57487 Hawaii US 4/16/1977
35 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Kukaiau Ranch. N slopes of Mauna Kea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rubtzoff, P. 2698 Hawaii US 7/16/1956
36 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Halawa Valley, end of jeep road where stream meets sea w/Leucaena, Ricinus, Amaranthus and various grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ishikawa, S. 135 Molokai BISH 8/30/1972
37 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin waikiki, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 2303 Oahu US 4/13/1927
38 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin kukaiau ranch. n slopes of mauna kea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN p. rubtzoff 2698 Hawaii US 7/16/1956
39 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Aiea, 98-851 Iliee St., residence of William and Peggy Jones vegetable garden, full sun PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 2050 Oahu BISH 2/24/1986
40 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Waikiki, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 2303 Oahu US 4/13/2027
41 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Sand Island, sector 70, garden at residence PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 990429-4 Midway Atoll BISH 4/29/1999
42 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin At end of jeep road where stream meets sea. Halawa Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ishikawa, S. S. 135 Molokai US 8/30/1972
43 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin at end of jeep road where stream meets sea. halawa valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN s. s. ishikawa 135 Molokai US 8/30/1972
44 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin manoa community gardens, mr. aoki PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mayeda, c.s. collector number: 7 Maui US 12/6/1990
45 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Puhi, on roadside, S side of Hwy. 50 at edge of park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hume, L. 492 Kauai BISH 3/6/1990
46 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin halawa valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h120631 Maui BISH 12/9/2006
47 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Manoa Community Gardens, Mr. Aoki PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mayeda, C.S. 7 Oahu BISH 12/6/1990
48 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Collected from the Manoa Community Gardens located in Manoa Valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Craig S. Mayeda 7 Oahu PTBG 3/12/1990
49 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Honolulu, Diamond Head Community Garden, betw. Paki and Leahi Ave. across from Kapiolani Park, plot 36 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Staples, G. 694 Oahu BISH 8/29/1990
50 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, upper end of Mauna Loa Strip Rd, slopes of Mauna Loa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 57487 Hawaii US 4/16/1977
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